The following formula is involved in the calculation of Z-scores when the population mean and standard deviation are known:
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Standard normal score (Z-score):
where x is the raw score to be standardized, μ is the population mean, and σ is the population standard deviation.
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The following references can be used to cite this z-score calculator:
| Soper, D.S. (2012) "Z-score Calculator (Online Software)", http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3. |
| Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., and Aiken, L.S. (2003) "Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd edition)", Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. |